What are the pathological mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer’s disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Despite significant advances in research, the exact mechanisms that lead to the development of this disease are still being studied and investigated. However, there are many theories and scientific discoveries that help us better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying this complex disease.
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillar tangles
Accumulations of amyloid-beta protein and tau protein tangles are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease.
- Amyloid plaques: These plaques are made up of protein fragments that are intertwined outside neurons. Scientists believe that these plaques cause damage to nerve cells and lead to inflammation in the brain.
- Neurofibrillar synapses: These synapses within neurons are made up of interlocking protein fibers. These tangles destroy the internal structure of the neuron and prevent it from performing its functions normally.
Other theories about the mechanisms of the disease
- Inflammation: Chronic inflammation is thought to play an important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Inflammation damages nerve cells and releases harmful chemicals.
- Oxidative stress: The brain is exposed to oxidative stress due to free radicals that damage cells. Oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
- Impaired neurotransmitter transmission: Alzheimer’s disease leads to imbalance in the transmission of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, affecting memory and learning.
- Genetic factors: Genes play an important role in increasing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. There are many genes associated with this disease, such as the APOE-ε4 gene.
The relationship between these mechanisms
The exact relationship between these different mechanisms is still not entirely clear. Scientists believe that these mechanisms work together to cause progressive brain damage that leads to the appearance of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
Although significant advances have been made in understanding the pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease, there is a lot we don’t know yet. However, understanding these mechanisms is an essential step in developing new and effective treatments for the disease
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